Estonia, year by year

Every index this site holds for Estonia, in time order: 12 series across 1990–2025, each value as its source published it. The profile shows the latest snapshot; this is the record behind it.

HDI since 1990

Human development rose from 0.738 in 1990 to 0.905 in 2023.

UNDP Human Development Report, 2025 edition. 34 annual values, none interpolated.

Twenty years here

The world report

Life expectancy at birth: 79.3 years2024at birthUp 6.7 years from 72.6 years in 2005
Internet users: 92%2024of people onlineUp 29 points from 64% in 2006
Urban population: 71%2025of people in towns and citiesUp 3 points from 68% in 2006
Births per woman: 1.182024births per womanDown 0.34 from 1.52 in 2005
Renewable share of energy: 38%2021of energy usedUp 18 points from 20% in 2004
Access to electricity: 100%2024of people with electricityLevel with 2005
Infant mortality: 22024deaths before age one, per 1,000 birthsDown 4 from 6 in 2005
CO2 emissions per person: 7.8 t2024of CO2 per person a yearDown 7.1 t from 14.8 t in 2005
Forest area: 57%2023of land under forestUp 3 points from 54% in 2004

World Bank, from the first to the last observed year of each indicator; each has its own window.

All indexes, 1990–2025

36 years · 12 series · 6 values marked for checking

Year	HDI0–1	Life expectancy at birthyears	Internet users% of people	Urban population% of people	Births per womanbirths	Renewable share of energy% of energy	Access to electricity% of people	Infant mortalityper 1,000 births	CO2 emissions per persont/year	Forest area% of land	GDP per capitaUS$	GDP per capita, PPPintl $
1990	0.738	69.5	—	—	2.05	3.5	100	14	25.5	—	—	—
1991	0.734	69.4	—	71.0	1.80	3.6	100	14	23.4	—	—	—
1992	0.722	68.9	0.1	70.5	1.71	5.9	100	14	17.4	52.2	—	—
1993	0.713	67.9	0.3	70.0	1.49	6.6	100	13	14.7	52.3	—	—
1994	0.711	66.5	1.2	69.5	1.42	11.1	100	13	15.4	52.4	—	—
1995	0.725	67.5	2.8	69.0	1.38	17.9	100	12	14.3	52.4	—	—
1996	0.746	69.6	3.5	68.5	1.37	20.1	100	12	15.3	52.5	—	—
1997	0.759	69.8	5.7	68.0	1.32	20.0	100	11	15.1	52.6	—	—
1998	0.767	69.4	10.8	67.7	1.28	17.9	100	10	13.7	52.7	—	—
1999	0.776	70.1	14.5	67.4	1.30	20.0	100	10	12.5	52.7	—	—
2000	0.793	70.4	28.6	67.4	1.36	19.8	100	9	12.8	52.8	—	—
2001	0.802	70.3	31.5	67.4	1.32	18.9	100	8	13.2	53.0	—	—
2002	0.813	70.9	41.5	67.4	1.36	19.3	100	7	12.7	53.3	—	—
2003	0.824	71.3	45.3	67.4	1.37	19.9	100	7	14.3	53.5	—	—
2004	0.834	71.9	53.2	67.5	1.47	20.0	100	6	14.7	53.7	—	—
2005	0.847	72.6	61.5	67.5	1.52	18.9	100	6	14.8	54.0	—	—
2006	0.855	72.7	63.5	67.6	1.58	17.2	100	5	14.4	54.2	12641	19344
2007	0.859	72.8	66.2	67.6	1.69	18.6	100	5	17.2	54.4	16745	22201
2008	0.864	73.8	70.6	67.7	1.72	20.5	100	4	15.6	54.6	18206	22804
2009	0.863	74.8	72.5	67.7	1.70	24.2	100	4	13.1	54.9	14712	20489
2010	0.868	75.4	74.1	67.8	1.72	25.3	100	4	16.7	55.1	14664	21614
2011	0.877	76.2	76.5	67.9	1.61	25.2	100	3	16.8	55.5	17556	24652
2012	0.880	76.3	78.4	68.0	1.56	25.0	100	3	16.1	55.9	17568	26243
2013	0.887	77.1	80.0	68.1	1.52	24.5	100	3	17.9	54.9	19310	27831
2014	0.885	77.0	84.2	68.3	1.54	25.3	100	3	17.3	55.3	20582	29404
2015	0.888	77.6	88.4	68.5	1.58	28.2	100	2	16.0	55.7	17722	29713
2016	0.890	77.6	87.2	68.7	1.60	27.2	100	2	15.7	55.7	18666	31948
2017	0.894	78.1	88.1	69.0	1.59	27.5	100	2	16.7	57.0	20852	34507
2018	0.897	78.2	89.4	69.3	1.67	28.6	100	2	17.9	57.0	23618	37121
2019	0.901	78.7	90.2	69.6	1.66	31.3	100	2	11.7	57.0	24021	40586
2020	0.901	78.6	89.1	69.9	1.58	40.4	100	2	9.1	57.0	23934	40672
2021	0.899	76.9	91.0	70.2	1.61	38.0	100	2	9.7	57.0	27951	44247
2022	0.902	77.8	91.5	70.5	1.41	—	100	2	11.1	57.1	28340	48030
2023	0.905	78.8	93.2	70.7	1.31	—	100	2	8.4	57.1	30264	48848
2024	—	79.3	92.2	70.7	1.18	—	100	2	7.8	—	31428	50396
2025	—	—	—	70.7	—	—	—	—	—	—	34418	52106
On the profile	0.905	79.3	92.2	70.7	1.18	38.0	—	—	7.8	57.1	34418	52106

Sources: HDI: UNDP HDR 2025; Life expectancy at birth: World Bank SP.DYN.LE00.IN; Internet users: World Bank IT.NET.USER.ZS; Urban population: World Bank SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS; Births per woman: World Bank SP.DYN.TFRT.IN; Renewable share of energy: World Bank EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS; Access to electricity: World Bank EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS; Infant mortality: World Bank SP.DYN.IMRT.IN; CO2 emissions per person: World Bank EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5; Forest area: World Bank AG.LND.FRST.ZS; GDP per capita: World Bank NY.GDP.PCAP.CD; GDP per capita, PPP: World Bank NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD. Profile snapshot from the site dataset regenerated 2026-10-04. Observed years only.

A dotted value moved sharply against the previous observed value in its series, which is the usual signature of a series break or a source revision; it is a prompt to check, not a judgement. The last row, On the profile, is the figure the country profile shows today, set under its series so the two can be checked against each other. ≠ marks a difference of more than 2%: none on this page.

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